The GVN concept combines and builds on the GVC and GPN concepts by stressing the complex interactions of diverse actors in multi-level networks, while emphasizing the value-adding dimensions and sectors in today’s global economies, including services, IT, etc. (Helfen et al., 2018, p. 1642)
Glückler, J., & Panitz, R. (2016). Relational upgrading in global value networks. Journal of Economic Geography 16(6): 1161–1185.
Helfen, M., Schüßler, E. & Sydow, J. (2018). How can employment relations in global value networks be managed towards social responsibility? Human relations 71 (12): 1640-1665
